Malaria (Plasmodium) life cycle

  

 Credit : http://youtu.be/5LV2Od0virE

Cacingan (3)

  
Credit : http://youtu.be/Upa3Ll-m7ik

Cacingan (2)

  
Credit : http://youtu.be/vaOZiNMN6fI

Cacingan (1)

  
Credit : http://youtu.be/DT0X6Ec-l_A

Vegetative Reproduction - Artificial Propagation

Plant Reproduction: Asexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction in Organisms

Budding In Hydra

What Causes Ventricular Fibrillation?

What are the risk factors for ventricular fibrillation?

A risk factor is something which increases the likelihood of developing a condition or disease. For example, obesity significantly raises the risk of developing diabetes type 2. Therefore, obesity is a risk factor for diabetes type 2.

The following risk factors are linked to ventricular fibrillation:

• Having had ventricular fibrillation before
• A previous heart attack
• Cardiomyopathy - disease of the heart muscle (myocardium)
• Cocaine and/or methamphetamine use
• Congenital heart disease - being born with a heart defect
• Electrocution or other injuries that resulted in heart muscle damage

Credit : http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/188837.php

Can people with pacemaker go through metal detector?

Devices that may interfere with a pacemaker:

Anti-theft systems (also called electronic article surveillance or EAS): Interactions with EAS systems are unlikely to cause clinically significant symptoms in most patients. However, the American Heart Association recommends that you:

• Be aware that EAS systems may be hidden or camouflaged in entrances and exits in many businesses.
• Don't stay near the EAS system longer than is necessary.
• Don't lean against the system.

Metal detectors for security: Interactions with metal detectors are unlikely to cause clinically significant symptoms in most patients. However, the American Heart Association recommends that you:

• Don't stay near the metal detector longer than is necessary.
• Don't lean against the system.
• If scanning with a hand-held metal detector is necessary, tell the security personnel that you have a pacemaker. Ask them not to hold the metal detector near the device any longer than is absolutely necessary. Or ask for an alternative form of personal search.

Cell phones: Currently, phones available in the United States (less than 3 watts) don't appear to damage pulse generators or affect how the pacemaker works.

• Technology is rapidly changing as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) makes new frequencies available.
• Newer cellphones using these new frequencies might make pacemakers less reliable.
• A group of cellphone companies is studying that possibility.
• Bluetooth® headsets do not appear to interfere with pacemakers.

MP3 player headphones: Most contain a magnetic substance and research has documented that placing the headphones too close to the pacemaker caused interference.

• Keep your headphones at least 1.2 inches (3 cm) away from your pacemaker.
• Never rest your head on the chest of a person with pacemaker while you're wearing headphones.
• Both the earbud and clip-on types of headphones can cause interference.
• Do not place headphones in a breast pocket or drape them over your chest. 

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL): a noninvasive treatment that uses hydraulic shocks to dissolve kidney stones.

• This procedure may be done safely in most pacemaker patients, with some reprogramming of the pacing.
• You'll need careful follow-up after the procedure and for several months to be sure your pacemaker is working properly.
• ESWL should be avoided in patients with certain kinds of pacemakers implanted in the abdomen.
• Discuss your specific case with your doctor before and after the treatment.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): a noninvasive diagnostic tool that uses a powerful magnet to produce images of internal organs and functions.

• Metal objects are attracted to the magnet and are normally not allowed near MRI machines.
• The magnet can interrupt the pacing and inhibit the output of pacemakers.
• If MRI must be done, the pacemaker output in some models can be reprogrammed.
• Discuss with your doctor the possible risks and benefits before you undergo MRI scanning.

Power-generating equipment, arc welding equipment and powerful magnets: Such as found in some medical devices, heavy equipment or motors can inhibit pulse generators.

• If you work closely with or near such equipment, be aware of the risk that your pacemakers may not work properly in those conditions.
• Follow your healthcare provider's instructions about being around such equipment.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA): A medical procedure that uses radio waves to manage a wide variety of arrhythmias.

• RFA is usually performed before the pacemaker is implanted.
• Studies have shown that most permanent pacemakers aren't adversely affected by radio frequencies during catheter ablation.
• However, if RFA is performed with a pacemaker, a variety of changes in your pacemaker are possible during and after the treatment.
• Your doctor should carefully evaluate your pacing system after the procedure.

Short-wave or microwave diathermy: A medical procedure that uses high-frequency, high-intensity signals for physical therapy. These may bypass your pacemaker's noise protection and interfere with or permanently damage the pulse generator.
Therapeutic radiation (such as for cancer treatment): May damage the pacemaker's circuits.

• The degree of damage is unpredictable and may vary with different systems.
• The risk is significant and builds up as the radiation dose increases.
• The American Heart Association recommends that the pacemaker be shielded as much as possible and moved if it lies directly in the radiation field.
• If you depend on your pacemaker for normal heart pacing, your electrocardiogram (ECG) should be monitored during the treatment, and your pulse generator should be tested often after and between radiation sessions.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS): A medical device used to relieve acute or chronic pain with electrodes placed on the skin and connected to a pulse generator.

• Most studies have shown that TENS rarely inhibits bipolar pacing.
• It may sometimes briefly inhibit unipolar pacing. This can be treated by reprogramming the pulse generator

Credit : https://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Arrhythmia/PreventionTreatmentofArrhythmia/Devices-that-may-Interfere-with-Pacemakers_UCM_302013_Article.jsp#

During AED shock, why can't we touch the casualty?

AED Precautions

• Do Not touch the victim while defibrillating. You or someone else could get shocked.
• Do Not use alcohol to wipe the victim's chest dry. Alcohol is flammable.
• Do Not use an AED in a moving vehicle. Movement may affect the analysis.
• Do Not use an AED on a victim who is in contact with water. Move victims away from puddles of water or swimming pools or out of the rain before defibrillating. (See above answer to the question "Can AEDs be used safely in the rain and snow?")
• Do Not use an AED on a victim lying on a conductive surface. Conductive surfaces, such as sheet metal or metal bleachers, may transfer the shock to others.
• Do Not use an AED on a child under age 8 or under 90 pounds. AEDs do not have the capability to adjust to the low-energy settings needed for infants and children. Local protocols may differ on this and should be followed.
• Do Not use an AED on a victim who has a nitroglycerine or other patch. Remove any patches from the chest before attaching the device.
• Do Not touch the vicitm while the AED is analyzing. Touching or moving the victim may affect the analysis.
• Do Not defibrillate someone around flammable materials, such as gasoline or freeflowing oxygen.
• Do Not use a cellular phone or radio within 6 feet of the AED. This may interrupt analysis.

Credit : http://ehs.missouri.edu/work/aed.html

Why Do Babies Have Higher Heart Rate?

Newborns have resting heart rates around 100 to 150 beats per minute, way higher than that of adults. In fact, a newborn’s resting heart rate is in the ballpark of the target heart rate for an adult doing a heavy workout. What gives? Why do newborns’ hearts beat so much faster than adults’?
Part of the answer lies in the fact that babies grow so dramatically. They burn food in every cell of their bodies to fuel that growth.
The process requires not only an abundance of milk but also oxygen, and it produces large amounts of carbon dioxide as waste.
Babies’ hearts work overtime to keep supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide to fuel their amazing growth.

But growth isn’t the only factor, because it’s not just baby animals we’re talking about. Adult Chihuahuas have much higher heart rates than adult elephants. Why? Chihuahuas have a greater surface to volume ratio. In other words, the Chihuahua has a greater proportion of skin than internal tissue, which means it loses more heat to the environment, relatively speaking, than a larger animal.
Babies’ hearts beat much faster than their parents’, both to fuel their growth and make up for greater heat loss to the environment.
So little hearts maintain a higher metabolic rate, pound for pound, than big hearts.

Credit : http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/heart-rate-babys-heart-rate/

Tuberculosis

Credit : http://youtu.be/EBdC9H00BHY

Heart Failure

Credit : http://youtu.be/mhYeO2fwSps

Pneumonia

 
Credit : http://youtu.be/aKduNgfePLU

Avian Influenza

Credit : http://youtu.be/8RApk1t9XDo

Swine Flu

 
Credit : http://youtu.be/6J2ftrIdGnE

What happens to the sperms which fail to meet the ovum?

Jasmine, these information below will answer your question, dear...

"As sperm swim through the vaginal canal and into the cervix, they hit a "fork in the road," so to speak. At this juncture, some sperm travel to one fallopian tube, while the rest move on to the other. However, only one fallopian tube has a fertile egg at a given time. The sperm that do not reach an "impasse" surround the mature egg and compete with the other sperm in trying to penetrate it. If a woman's sexual and reproductive health are in good working condition, the first sperm to cross the finish line (enter the egg) succeeds in fertilizing it. "Helper" sperm can also be credited for easing fertilization by allowing this particular sperm access to and contact with the mature egg during its trip. With conception initiated, the now fertilized egg sets off some mechanisms, such as thickening of cervical mucus and hardening of its outer surface (zona pellucida), to block all other sperm from entering the egg."

(Credit : http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/why-does-it-take-millions-sperm-fertilize-egg)

"The sperm do eventually die and they are just expelled through normal secretions."

(Credit : http://ehealthforum.com/health/what-happens-to-sperm-t149890-a1.html#ixzz2dEWJRrvx)

Fertilization process in humans

In IPA class, we discussed 'Perkembangbiakan Manusia'. This following video will show you the fertilization process in humans :

 (Credit : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x398GSvLbMQ)

How Twins Form?

In IPA class, we discussed about 'Perkembangbiakan Manusia". One of the questions the students asked was, "Bagaimana terbentuknya anak kembar?"
Well, Austin has something to share with you. Read this :

Kehamilan kembar

Secara umum, kehamilan kembar bisa dibedakan menjadi 2 jenis, berdasarkan jumlah sel telur yang menjadi cikal bakal embrio (bakal janin). Pertama, kembar yang berasal dari 1 sel telur, disebut monozigot. Kedua, kembar yang berasal dari 2 atau lebih sel telur, disebut dizigot. Dari seluruh jumlah orang kembar di dunia, 8% adalah kembar monozigot.
Secara umum, kehamilan kembar bisa dibedakan menjadi 2 jenis, berdasarkan jumlah sel telur yang menjadi cikal bakal embrio (bakal janin). Pertama, kembar yang berasal dari 1 sel telur, disebut monozigot. Kedua, kembar yang berasal dari 2 atau lebih sel telur, disebut dizigot. Dari seluruh jumlah orang kembar di dunia, 8% adalah kembar monozigot.

Monozigot. Proses terjadi kehamilan kembar: Satu sel telur yang telah dibuahi oleh satu sel sperma (zigot), membelah diri menjadi dua belahan. Setelah menempel di dinding rahim, kedua belahan berkembang sendiri-sendiri menjadi janin yang sempurna.

Kembar jenis ini disebut juga sebagai kembar identik atau kembar satu telur. Kemungkinan terjadi kembar identik adalah 1 dari 150 kelahiran. Kembar identik terjadi karena faktor alam, dan bukan faktor keturunan Sekitar 75% kehamilan kembar identik, hanya mempunyai satu ari-ari atau plasenta dengan satu selaput ketuban (amnion). Atau, satu ari-ari dengan dua selaput ketuban.
Ciri khasnya:

• Selalu berjenis kelamin sama, yakni perempuan dan perempuan, atau laki-laki dan laki-laki.
• Mereka biasanya memiliki wajah dan penampilan sama, bahkan seringkali memiliki kepribadian yang sangat mirip satu sama lain.
• Anak kembar identik tercatat berumur lebih panjang dibanding anak kembar fraternal. Kembar identik bisa berumur hingga lebih dari 100 tahun

Dizigot. Proses terjadinya: Satu atau lebih sel telur dibuahi oleh dua sel sperma yang berbeda. Lalu, masing-masing hasil pembuahan (zigot) berkembang menjadi janin yang sempurna. Kembar jenis ini disebut kembar fraternal atau kembar dua telur. Kemungkinan terjadi kembar fraternal adalah 1 dari 60 kelahiran. Kembar fraternal merupakan sifat yang genetik yang diturunkan
Ciri khasnya:

• Jenis kelamin mereka bisa sama dan bisa juga berbeda, yakni  laki-laki dan perempuan.
• Wajah dan penampilan mereka biasanya tidak terlalu mirip, dan seringkali terlihat seperti kakak-adik. 
• Anak kembar fraternal, walau pun berumur panjang hingga 80-90 tahun, tapi tidak sepanjang umur anak kembar identik.

Credit :

http://www.ayahbunda.co.id/Artikel/Gizi+dan+Kesehatan/uniknya.kehamilan.kembar/001/001/123/1/4

Or you can watch this video below :
(Credit : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQNtXCmf-T8)